定语从句与其他相似句式的区别

一、定语从句VS状语从句

1.从语法功能角度：定语从句相当于形容词，在句中充当定语，对其前面的名词、代词或先行成分（由主句的一部分或全部来充当）进行修饰或限制；状语从句相当于副词，在句中修饰主句或主句中的动词。判断的关键是：寻找是否有先行词。有先行词的从句是定语从句，无先行词的从句是状语从句。

例1 I am looking forward to the day _____ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.

A. as B. why C. when D. where

解析：选C。考查定语从句。关系副词when引导定语从句，修饰先行词day，在从句中充当时间状语。

例2 It was the middle of the night _____ my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.

A. that B. as C. which D. when

解析：选D。考查状语从句。when引导时间状语从句。此题易误选A项，原因是把此句看成了强调句型，要注意分析句子成分。

2.从句子结构角度：定语从句关系词后的从句部分句子成分残缺，结构不完整；状语从句引导词后面的从句部分句子成分完整，语意通顺。

例3 I didn’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade，_____ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.

A. when B. where C. which D. why

解析：选A。考查定语从句。该句中的先行词是the fifth grade，在定语从句中充当时间状语，用关系副词when。

例4 Because of the heavy traffic，it was already time for lunch break _____ she got to her office.

A. since B. that C. when D. until

解析：选C。考查状语从句。when引导时间状语从句。

二、定语从句VS名词性从句

1.从语法功能的角度：定语从句相当于形容词，在句中充当定语，对其前面的名词、代词或先行成分（由主句的一部分或全部来充当）进行修饰或限制；名词性从句相当于名词，在整个句子中充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语。

例5 Please send us all the information _____ you have about the candidate for the position.

A. that B. which C. as D. what

解析：选A。考查定语从句。先行词是information，指物，关系词在从句中充当及物动词have的宾语，且先行词用不定代词all修饰，关系词只能用that。

例6 It’s good to know_____ the dogs will be well cared for while we’re away.

A. what B. whose C. which D. that

解析：选D。考查名词性从句。that引导宾语从句。

2.从引导词的角度：定语从句的引导词由其前面的先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分来确定，而名词性从句的引导词由从句内部所缺成分来确定。

例7 Happiness and success often come to those _____ are good at recognizing their own strengths.

A. whom B. who C. what D. which

解析：选B。考查定语从句。who引导定语从句，其先行词是those。它在定语从句中充当主语。

例8 How much one enjoys himself traveling depends largely on _____ he goes with， whether his friends or relatives.

A. what B. who C. how D. why

解析：选B。考查名词性从句。who引导宾语从句，在从句中充当宾语。

三、定语从句VS强调句

在that引导的定语从句中，that是关系代词，既代替先行词，又在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语；强调句中的that是构成强调句型（It is...that）的结构词。判断强调句的方法是：将强调句中的“It is...that”这一框架去掉，剩下部分结构完整，语意通顺，合乎逻辑，句子便是强调句。

例9 It’s not doing the things we like，but liking the things we have to do _____ makes life happy.

A. that B. which C. what D. who

解析：选A。考查强调句。把句中it’s和that去掉之后，句子仍成立。

四、定语从句VS并列句

1.从标点符号的角度： 限制性定语从句与主句之间没有标点符号连接，非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号连接，而并列句之间用分号连接。

例10 He may win the competition；_____ he is likely to get into the national team.

A. in which case B. in that case

C. in what case D. in whose case

解析：选B。考查并列句。分号可以连接并列句。

例11 John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of _____are family members.

A. them B. that C. which D. whom

解析：选D。考查定语从句。whom引导非限制性定语从句。

2.从连接词的角度：定语从句用关系代词或关系副词连接，而并列句用并列连词（and，but，or，so等）连接。

例12 Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012，_____ made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true.

A. it B. that C. what D. which

解析：选D。考查定语从句。which引导非限制性定语从句。

例13 Give me a chance，_____ I’ll give you a wonderful surprise.

A. if B. or C. and D. while

解析：选C。考查并列句。本句是“祈使句+and+简单句”结构，其中祈使句相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句。

五、定语从句VS独立主格结构

定语从句从形式方面和意义方面都具备了句子的基本要素，即主语和谓语。独立主格结构在形式方面不具备句子的基本要素“主语和谓语”，只在意义方面具备逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。

例14 English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，_____ uses it differently.

A. all of which B. each of which

C. all of them D. each of them

解析：选B。考查定语从句。首先根据空格后的uses使用的是单数第三人称可知，空格处需用单数名词或代词，可排除A、C；再根据uses是谓语动词可知，空格处是主语，只有each of which能充当主语，并构成定语从句。

例15 The Chicago Bulls used to be made up of the best basketball players in the United States，_____ black Americans.

A. most of them B. most of which

C. most of whom D. most of it

解析：选A。考查独立主格结构。其中most of them是逻辑主语，black Americans前面省略了being。

（责任编校？筑彭益）